In the depths of depression, one can feel lost in a vast ocean of darkness, desperately searching for a glimmer of hope. An invisible battle consumes the soul, leaving one feeling isolated and misunderstood. Depression is a common mental health disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed. Depression can significantly impact a person’s daily functioning, relationships, and overall well-being. In this article Bella Pahlevan, registered psychotherapist explains about types, symptoms and causes of depression.
What are the types of depression?
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), there are several different types of depression, each with its own distinct features. Here are some (not all) of the commonly recognized types:
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): This is the most common form of depression. It involves experiencing symptoms such as depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and thoughts of death or suicide. To be diagnosed with MDD, these symptoms must be present for at least two weeks and significantly impact daily functioning.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Formerly known as dysthymia, PDD is characterized by a chronic and long-lasting depressed mood that persists for at least two years in adults (or one year in children and adolescents). Symptoms may be less severe compared to MDD but are consistently present. Individuals with PDD may also experience periods of major depressive episodes.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): This type of depression occurs in some individuals shortly before the onset of their menstrual period. Symptoms include significant mood swings, irritability, sadness, anxiety, and fatigue. PMDD symptoms are more severe than typical premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms and significantly interfere with daily functioning.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): Primarily diagnosed in children and adolescents, DMDD involves persistent irritability and frequent outbursts of anger. The symptoms are present in multiple settings and are disproportionate to the situation. DMDD is often accompanied by difficulties in relationships and academic performance.
Prenatal depression, also known as antenatal depression: It is a form of depression that occurs during pregnancy. It is estimated that approximately 10-20% of pregnant individuals experience prenatal depression.
Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder: This type of depression is triggered by substance abuse, medication side effects, or withdrawal from substances. The depressive symptoms occur during or soon after substance use or medication use and are not better explained by another depressive disorder.
What are symptoms of clinical depression?
The symptoms of major depression, also known as major depressive disorder (MDD), can vary from person to person, but commonly include:
Depressed Mood: Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness.
Loss of Interest or Pleasure: Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities, including those previously enjoyed.
Significant Weight Changes: Significant weight loss or weight gain without intentional dieting, or changes in appetite.
Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia (difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness or prolonged sleep).
Psychomotor Changes: Observable changes in physical activity or psychomotor agitation or retardation (e.g., restlessness or slowed movements).
Fatigue or Loss of Energy: Feeling constantly tired or lacking energy, even after restful sleep.
Feelings of Worthlessness or Guilt: Excessive or inappropriate feelings of guilt or worthlessness, often with self-critical thoughts.
Difficulty Concentrating: Trouble focusing, making decisions, or experiencing memory problems.
Recurrent Thoughts of Death: Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or suicide attempts.
Physical Symptoms: Physical symptoms such as headaches, digestive problems, or persistent body aches and pains that are unrelated to any underlying medical conditions.
It’s important to note that for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, these symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks and must significantly impact daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms should not be better accounted for by another medical condition or substance use.
What are symptoms of postpartum depression?
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mood disorder that affects some individuals after giving birth. It is important to note that PPD can occur anytime within the first year after childbirth, and its symptoms can vary in severity. Here are some common symptoms of postpartum depression:
Persistent Sadness or Depressed Mood: Feeling sad, empty, or hopeless most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks or longer.
Loss of Interest or Pleasure: A diminished interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable, including bonding with the baby or participating in activities that used to bring joy.
Changes in Appetite and Weight: Significant changes in appetite, such as loss of appetite or increased cravings, leading to weight loss or weight gain unrelated to pregnancy.
Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia (difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness or prolonged sleep), even when given the opportunity to sleep.
Fatigue or Loss of Energy: Persistent feelings of fatigue, exhaustion, or a lack of energy, regardless of rest or sleep.
Feelings of Worthlessness or Guilt: Strong feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt, or self-blame, often about not being a good enough parent or feeling inadequate in caring for the baby.
Difficulty Concentrating or Making Decisions: Trouble focusing, making decisions, or experiencing memory problems, which can impact daily functioning and tasks.
Irritability or Agitation: Feeling irritable, agitated, or on edge, which may be accompanied by restlessness or physical discomfort.
Anxiety or Panic Symptoms: Experiencing anxiety, excessive worrying, or panic symptoms, such as racing thoughts, rapid heartbeat, or shortness of breath.
Thoughts of Harming Oneself or the Baby: In severe cases, having recurring thoughts of self-harm, harming the baby, or thoughts of suicide. These thoughts require immediate attention and professional help.
It’s important to remember that experiencing some mood fluctuations and occasional feelings of sadness or overwhelm after childbirth is common, often referred to as “baby blues.” However, if these symptoms persist and interfere with daily functioning, it may indicate postpartum depression. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of PPD, it is crucial to seek help from a healthcare professional for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
How can trauma lead to depression?
Experiencing trauma can significantly increase the risk of developing depression. Trauma refers to any deeply distressing or disturbing event or experience that overwhelms an individual’s ability to cope effectively. This can include physical or sexual abuse, witnessing violence, experiencing a natural disaster, surviving a traumatic accident, or going through a traumatic loss.
Here are some ways in which trauma can lead to depression:
Impact on Brain Chemistry: Traumatic experiences can disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, which plays a crucial role in regulating mood. These chemical imbalances can contribute to depressive symptoms.
Psychological Distress: Trauma often leads to significant psychological distress, such as feelings of helplessness, fear, and intense emotional pain. Persistent emotional suffering can gradually erode a person’s sense of hope, joy, and overall well-being, increasing the risk of developing depression.
Negative Beliefs and Self-Perception: Trauma can shape an individual’s beliefs about themselves, others, and the world. It can lead to distorted and negative self-perceptions, a loss of trust in others, and a pessimistic view of the future. These negative beliefs and self-perceptions can contribute to the development of depressive thoughts and feelings.
Social Isolation: Following a traumatic event, individuals may withdraw from social interactions due to feelings of shame, guilt, or a fear of being vulnerable. Social isolation can deprive them of important support networks and exacerbate feelings of sadness and loneliness, increasing the risk of depression.
Co-Occurring Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Trauma can also lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is characterized by intrusive thoughts, nightmares, flashbacks, and emotional numbing. The chronic distress associated with PTSD can contribute to depressive symptoms and increase the likelihood of developing depression.
Final Words
In the midst of darkness, remember that there is light. Depression may cast a shadow over your life, but within you lies an indomitable spirit capable of overcoming even the most challenging of obstacles. It may seem difficult to believe in brighter days when sadness consumes your every moment, but deep within you, there is strength waiting to be awakened. At Emergence Psychotherapy, we are a group of psychotherapists based in Toronto aiming to be of service in your journey toward your true self by providing therapy and counselling for depression, anxiety and other mental health challenges. Take the first step and reach out to us.
